human desease

we need to know some risk factors for  ispain Toddlers. Various publications reported about the risk factors that increase morbidity and mortality of pneumonia. If you made a list of risk factors are as follows:
a. Risk factors that increase the incidence of pneumonia
· Age <2 months
· Men
· Nutritional less
· Weight Low birth weight
· Not getting enough breast milk
· Air pollution
· Density residential
· Inadequate Immunization
· Membedong children (covered over)
· Deficiency of vitamin A
b. Factors that increase the risk of pneumonia mortality
· Age <2 months
· Levels of low socioeconomic
· Nutritional less
· Weight Low birth weight
· Low level of maternal education
· The low coverage of health services
· Density residential
· Inadequate Immunization
· Suffering from chronic diseases
Generally there are 3 (three) risk factor for ARI of environmental factors, individual factors of children, and behavioral factors.
1. Environmental factors
a. Air pollution in homes
Cigarette smoke and fumes from burning fuel to cook with high concentrations can damage the lung's defense mechanisms that will facilitate the emergence of ARD. This can happen at the state house and the kitchen is less ventilation in the house, together with a bedroom, a room where babies and toddlers to play. It is more possible because infants and young children at home longer together her mother so the dose of pollution will certainly be higher.
The results obtained by the relationship between ARI and air pollution, of which there is an increased risk of bronchitis, pneumonia in children living in more polluted areas, where these effects occur in people aged 9 months and 6-10 years.
b. House ventilation
Ventilation is the process of supplying air or air to or from the deployment of the room either naturally or mechanically. The function of ventilation can be described as follows:
1. Supplying clean air is air that contains the optimum levels of oxygen for breathing.
2. Freeing the room air of odors, smoke or dust and other pollutant substances by diluting the air.
3. Supplying heat to the loss of body heat balance.
4. Supplying heat loss due to heat rooms and buildings.
5. Mengeluakan excess heat caused by the radiation of the body, conditions, evaporation or external circumstances.
6. Disable the air temperature evenly.
c. Density residential homes
Density residential in the house according to the health minister's decision 829/MENKES/SK/VII/1999 number of home health requirements, a person occupying a total area of ​​at least 8m ² house. With these criteria is expected to prevent disease transmission and launch activities.
Solid state of residence which can increase the pollution factor in existing homes. Research shows there are significant relationships between density and mortality from bronchopneumonia in infants, but noted that air pollution, social level, and give education a high correlation on this factor.
2. Individual factors of children
a. Age of children
A large number of studies indicate that the incidence of respiratory diseases by veirus jumped in infants and children early age and remained decreased for age. The incidence of ARI peak at age 6 -12 months.
b. Birth weight
Birth weight and growth determine the physical and mental development in infancy. Infants with low birth weight (LBW) have a greater risk of death compared with normal birth weight, especially in the first months of birth due to the formation of anti-immune substance less than perfect so it is more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially pneumonia and other respiratory tract illness .
Research shows that weight infants less than 2500 grams associated with increased mortality due to respiratory infections and these relationships persist after adjusted to job status, income, education. This data is reminded that children with a history of low birth weight did not experience a higher rate of respiratory disease, but suffered more severe infection.
c. Nutritional status
Input of nutrients obtained at this stage of growth and development of children is influenced by: age, physical condition, health, physiological digestive health, food availability and activity of the child itself. Assessment of nutritional status can be performed among others by antopometri: birth weight, length, height, upper arm circumference.
Poor nutritional state emerged as an important risk factor for the occurrence of ARI. Several studies have proven the existence of the relationship between malnutrition and lung infections, so that the children are poorly nourished often get pneumonia. Besides, the relationship between malnutrition and the incidence of measles and other serious viral infections and immune deficiencies child against infections.
Toddlers with less nutrition would be more susceptible to respiratory infection than infants with normal nutrition because of lack of endurance. Infectious diseases alone will cause the toddler did not have the appetite and lead to malnutrition. In the state of malnutrition, infant more susceptible to "severe respiratory infection" attack even longer.
d. Vitamin A
Since 1985 every six months IHC provides 200,000 IU of vitamin A capsules to young children from age one to four years. Toddlers who received vitamin A are more than 6 months before the illness or who never get it is a risk of a disease by 96.6% in the case group and 93.5% in the control group.
Giving vitamin A is performed in conjunction with immunization will lead to an increase in specific antibody titers and seems to remain in a high enough value. When the antibody directed against germs and not just a harmless foreign antigens, surely it can be expected of protection against germs is concerned for a period that is not too short. Because the bulk of business was the provision of vitamin A and immunization periodically against anal preschool children should not be viewed as two separate activities. Both must be considered in a unified whole, which increases endurance and Indonesia erlindungan against children so that they can grow, develop and mature in the circumstances set out their best.
e. Immunization Status
Infants and toddlers who never got measles and survivors will have natural immunity to pneumonia as a complication of measles. Most deaths from ARI ARI is a growing kind of diseases can be prevented by immunizations such as diphtheria, pertussis, measles, then the increase in immunization coverage will play a major role in eradicating ARD. To reduce factors that increase mortality, respiratory infections, complete immunization effort. Infants and toddlers who have incomplete immunization status can be expected when suffering from respiratory illness perkenbangan will not become more severe.
That proved most effective way today is the provision of immunization against measles and pertussis (DPT). With measles immunization is effective about 11% of pneumonia deaths can be prevented and toddlers with pertussis immunization (DPT) 6% lematian pneumonia can be prevented.
3. Behavioral factors
Behavioral factors in disease prevention and control of ARI in infants and toddlers in this case is the handling of respiratory infection in family practice both by the mother or other family members. The family is the smallest unit of society who gathered and lived in a household, the one with the other interdependent and interacting. If one or several family members have health problems, then it will affect other family members.
Active role of the family / community in addressing ISPA ISPA is very important because the disease is a disease that exist in everyday society or family. This needs serious attention by all of us because the disease is common in infants, so the toddler's mother and family members who most closely with toddlers know and skillfully handle this disease when the child was sick ISPA.
Families need to know and observe early signs of pneumonia and complaints when seeking help and referrals to health care systems for diseases toddler does not become more severe. Based on this clearly means that the role of families in the practice of early treatment for ARI sick infants is important, because if the practice of handling the lack of family-level ARD / bad it will affect the course of the disease from mild to gain weight.
In handling the whole family ARI level can be classified into 3 (three) categories, namely: supporting treatment by the toddler's mother; immediate action and observation of disease progression toddlers; search help on health care.
Filed under: Health, Disease-Based Environment | Marked: bacteria, Cough, dust, Health, Disease-Based Environment, pneumonia, air | 19 Comments »Classification of ARI In ToddlersPosted on January 12, 2009 by King
ARI is the highest under-five mortality causes disease in Indonesia. Criteria for ARD sufferers in laksanaannya stylist is a toddler with symptoms of cough or difficulty breathing. Management of patients with this pattern consists of four parts, namely:
a. Examination
b. Determination of whether or not there danger signs
c. Determination of disease classification
d. Treatment
In determining the classification of diseases divided into two groups, namely group for ages 2 months to 5 years and less for the age group less than 2 months.
a. For the age group 2 months to 5 years less in the above classification: pneumonia
· Severe pneumonia
· Pneumonia
· Not pneumonia
b. For age groups less than 2 months of classification is divided into:
· Severe pneumonia
· Not pneumonia
Classification rather than the patient group included pneumonia toddler with cough who showed no increased frequency of respiratory symptoms and do not indicate a withdrawal of the chest wall into the bottom. Thus the classification is not pneumonia include respiratory illnesses other than pneumonia as the common cold cough (common cold), pharyngitis, tonsillitis.
The pattern of management of ISPA that are applied are intended for management of patients with severe pneumonia, pneumonia, cough and common cold. This means that tackled diseases covered by the P2 Programme ISPA is severe pneumonia, pneumonia, common cold and cough, whereas other respiratory diseases such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and otitis not covered by this program. According to the level of pneumonia are classified as follows:
1. Severe pneumonia
Based on the presence of cough or difficulty breathing or shortness of breath accompanied by chest wall pull into the bottom (chest indrawing) in children aged 2 years - <5 years. As for the age group <2 months, the classification of severe pneumonia characterized by rapid breathing (fast brething), namely the frequency of 60 times per minute or more, or the presence of a strong pull on the chest wall into the bottom (severe chest indrawing).
1. Pneumonia
Based on the presence of cough and difficulty breathing or rapid breathing accompanied by a corresponding age. Limit fast breathing (fast brething) in children aged 2 months to <1 year is 50 times or more per minute while for children aged 1 to <5 years were 40 times or more per minute or
2. Not Pneumonia
Toddler group includes patients with a cough that does not show symptoms of increased frequency of breath and does not indicate the presence of lower chest wall pull into. Thus the classification is not pneumonia include respiratory illnesses other than pneumonia as the common cold cough (common cold), phryngitis, tonsillitis, otitis or respiratory illnesses other non pnumonia.
For the treatment of patients at a hospital or health facility referral for age group 2 months to <5 years old, also known diagnosis of very severe pneumonia is a cough or difficulty breathing is accompanied by symptoms of central cyanosis and can not drink.